📖 今天要学习的句子
Behavioral economists refer to this tendency as time inconsistency. That is, the way your brain evaluates rewards is inconsistent across time. You value the present more than the future. Usually, this tendency serves us well. A reward that is certain right now is typically worth more than one that is merely possible in the future. But occasionally, our bias toward instant gratification causes problems. Why would someone smoke if they know it increases the risk of lung cancer? Why would someone overeat when they know it increases their risk of obesity? Why would someone have unsafe sex if they know it can result in sexually transmitted disease? Once you understand how the brain prioritizes rewards, the answers become clear: the consequences of bad habits are delayed while the rewards are immediate. Smoking might kill you in ten years, but it reduces stress and eases your nicotine cravings now. Overeating is harmful in the long run but appetizing in the moment. Sex—safe or not—provides pleasure right away. Disease and infection won’t show up for days or weeks, even years. Every habit produces multiple outcomes across time. Unfortunately, these outcomes are often misaligned. With our bad habits, the immediate outcome usually feels good, but the ultimate outcome feels bad. With good habits, it is the reverse: the immediate outcome is unenjoyable, but the ultimate outcome feels good. The French economist Frédéric Bastiat explained the problem clearly when he wrote, “It almost always happens that when the immediate consequence is favorable, the later consequences are disastrous, and vice versa. Often, the sweeter the first fruit of a habit, the more bitter are its later fruits.”
行为经济学家把这种倾向称为时间不一致。也就是说,你的大脑评估奖励的方式会随着时间而不一致。你对当下的重视超过未来。通常,这种倾向对我们很有用。一个现在确定能得到的奖励,通常比未来仅仅可能得到的奖励更有价值。但有时候,我们对即时满足的偏向会带来问题。如果一个人知道吸烟会增加肺癌风险,为什么还会吸烟?如果一个人知道吃过量会增加肥胖风险,为什么还会吃过量?如果一个人知道不安全性行为可能导致性传播疾病,为什么还会这样做?一旦你理解大脑如何优先考虑奖励,答案就很清楚了:坏习惯的后果是延迟的,而奖励却是即时的。吸烟也许会在十年后伤害你,但它现在就能减轻压力、缓解尼古丁渴望。吃过量从长远来看有害,但在当下却很诱人。性行为无论安全与否,都会立刻带来愉悦。疾病和感染可能要几天、几周,甚至几年后才会出现。每个习惯都会随着时间产生多种结果。不幸的是,这些结果常常并不一致。对于坏习惯,即时结果通常感觉很好,但最终结果感觉很糟。对于好习惯,情况正好相反:即时结果并不愉快,但最终结果感觉很好。法国经济学家弗雷德里克·巴斯夏清楚地解释了这个问题,他写道:“几乎总是这样:当即时后果有利时,后来的后果往往是灾难性的,反之亦然。通常,一个习惯最初的果实越甜,后来结出的果实就越苦。”
Behavioral economists refer to this tendency as time inconsistency.
行为经济学家把这种倾向称为时间不一致。
behavioral economists /bɪˈheɪvjərəl ɪˈkɑːnəmɪsts/
行为经济学家
Ex: Behavioral economists study why people make imperfect choices.
例句翻译:行为经济学家研究人们为什么会做出不完美的选择。
分析:behavioral economists 指研究心理和行为如何影响经济决策的人。
refer to /rɪˈfɜːr tuː/
称为;指的是
Ex: Teachers refer to this method as spaced practice.
例句翻译:老师们把这种方法称为间隔练习。
分析:refer to...as 表示把某事称为某个名称。
tendency /ˈtendənsi/
倾向
Ex: He has a tendency to check his phone when he feels bored.
例句翻译:他无聊时有看手机的倾向。
分析:tendency 指经常出现的行为倾向。
time inconsistency /taɪm ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/
时间不一致
Ex: Time inconsistency explains why saving money can feel hard today.
例句翻译:时间不一致解释了为什么今天存钱会让人觉得困难。
分析:time inconsistency 指人对现在和未来回报的评价不一致。
That is, the way your brain evaluates rewards is inconsistent across time.
也就是说,你的大脑评估奖励的方式会随着时间而不一致。
evaluates /ɪˈvæljueɪts/
评估
Ex: The coach evaluates each player after practice.
例句翻译:教练在训练后评估每位球员。
分析:evaluates 表示判断价值、质量或重要性。
inconsistent /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/
不一致的
Ex: His sleep schedule is inconsistent during exams.
例句翻译:考试期间他的睡眠时间不一致。
分析:inconsistent 表示前后不稳定、不统一。
You value the present more than the future.
你对当下的重视超过未来。
value the present /ˈvæljuː ðə ˈpreznt/
重视当下
Ex: When we value the present too much, we may ignore future costs.
例句翻译:当我们过于重视当下时,可能会忽视未来代价。
分析:value 在这里是动词,表示看重。
Usually, this tendency serves us well.
通常,这种倾向对我们很有用。
tendency /ˈtendənsi/
倾向
Ex: He has a tendency to check his phone when he feels bored.
例句翻译:他无聊时有看手机的倾向。
分析:tendency 指经常出现的行为倾向。
serves us well /sɜːrvz ʌs wel/
对我们有用;帮得上忙
Ex: A simple checklist serves us well on busy mornings.
例句翻译:在忙碌的早晨,一张简单清单很有用。
分析:serves us well 表示某事对我们有帮助。
A reward that is certain right now is typically worth more than one that is merely possible in the future.
一个现在确定能得到的奖励,通常比未来仅仅可能得到的奖励更有价值。
certain /ˈsɜːrtn/
确定的
Ex: A certain reward today can feel better than a bigger promise later.
例句翻译:今天确定的奖励可能比以后更大的承诺感觉更好。
分析:certain 表示肯定会发生或存在。
merely possible /ˈmɪrli ˈpɑːsəbl/
仅仅是可能的
Ex: A merely possible bonus did not motivate the team much.
例句翻译:一个仅仅可能出现的奖金并没有太激励团队。
分析:merely possible 强调只是有可能,并不确定。
But occasionally, our bias toward instant gratification causes problems.
但有时候,我们对即时满足的偏向会带来问题。
bias toward /ˈbaɪəs təˈwɔːrd/
偏向;偏好
Ex: People often have a bias toward familiar brands.
例句翻译:人们常常偏向熟悉的品牌。
分析:bias toward 表示心理上更倾向某一边。
instant gratification /ˈɪnstənt ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
即时满足
Ex: Candy gives instant gratification but little nutrition.
例句翻译:糖果带来即时满足,但几乎没有营养。
分析:instant gratification 指马上获得快乐或满足。
Why would someone smoke if they know it increases the risk of lung cancer?
如果一个人知道吸烟会增加肺癌风险,为什么还会吸烟?
lung cancer /lʌŋ ˈkænsər/
肺癌
Ex: Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.
例句翻译:吸烟会增加患肺癌的风险。
分析:lung cancer 指发生在肺部的癌症。
Why would someone overeat when they know it increases their risk of obesity?
如果一个人知道吃过量会增加肥胖风险,为什么还会吃过量?
overeat /ˌoʊvərˈiːt/
吃过量
Ex: I tend to overeat when snacks are on my desk.
例句翻译:零食放在桌上时,我容易吃过量。
分析:overeat 指吃得超过身体需要。
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/
肥胖
Ex: Regular activity can reduce the risk of obesity.
例句翻译:规律活动可以降低肥胖风险。
分析:obesity 指严重超出健康范围的肥胖状态。
Why would someone have unsafe sex if they know it can result in sexually transmitted disease?
如果一个人知道不安全性行为可能导致性传播疾病,为什么还会这样做?
unsafe sex /ʌnˈseɪf seks/
不安全性行为
Ex: Health classes teach students about the risks of unsafe sex.
例句翻译:健康课会教学生了解不安全性行为的风险。
分析:unsafe sex 指缺少保护、可能带来健康风险的性行为。
sexually transmitted disease /ˈsekʃuəli trænsˈmɪtɪd dɪˈziːz/
性传播疾病
Ex: Clinics provide testing for sexually transmitted disease.
例句翻译:诊所提供性传播疾病检测。
分析:这个短语指通过性接触传播的疾病。
Once you understand how the brain prioritizes rewards, the answers become clear: the consequences of bad habits are delayed while the rewards are immediate.
一旦你理解大脑如何优先考虑奖励,答案就很清楚了:坏习惯的后果是延迟的,而奖励却是即时的。
prioritizes /praɪˈɔːrətaɪzɪz/
优先考虑
Ex: She prioritizes sleep during a busy week.
例句翻译:忙碌的一周里,她优先保证睡眠。
分析:prioritizes 表示把某事放在更重要的位置。
consequences /ˈkɑːnsəkwensɪz/
后果
Ex: Small choices can have big consequences.
例句翻译:小选择可能带来大后果。
分析:consequences 指行为之后产生的结果,常带负面含义。
delayed /dɪˈleɪd/
延迟的
Ex: The reward was delayed until the project ended.
例句翻译:奖励被延迟到项目结束后才发放。
分析:delayed 表示没有马上出现。
immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
即时的;立刻的
Ex: The app gives immediate feedback after each quiz.
例句翻译:每次测验后,这个应用会立刻给出反馈。
分析:immediate 表示马上发生或出现。
Smoking might kill you in ten years, but it reduces stress and eases your nicotine cravings now.
吸烟也许会在十年后伤害你,但它现在就能减轻压力、缓解尼古丁渴望。
reduces stress /rɪˈduːsɪz stres/
减轻压力
Ex: A short walk reduces stress after work.
例句翻译:下班后短暂散步能减轻压力。
分析:reduces stress 表示让压力降低。
nicotine cravings /ˈnɪkətiːn ˈkreɪvɪŋz/
尼古丁渴望
Ex: Nicotine cravings can make quitting cigarettes difficult.
例句翻译:尼古丁渴望会让戒烟变得困难。
分析:cravings 指强烈想要某物的冲动。
Overeating is harmful in the long run but appetizing in the moment.
吃过量从长远来看有害,但在当下却很诱人。
in the long run /ɪn ðə lɔːŋ rʌn/
从长远来看
Ex: In the long run, regular practice beats last-minute effort.
例句翻译:从长远来看,规律练习胜过临时努力。
分析:in the long run 指长期结果。
appetizing /ˈæpɪtaɪzɪŋ/
开胃的;诱人的
Ex: The smell of fresh bread was appetizing.
例句翻译:新鲜面包的香味很诱人。
分析:appetizing 表示食物让人想吃。
in the moment /ɪn ðə ˈmoʊmənt/
在当下;一时之间
Ex: In the moment, buying the gadget felt exciting.
例句翻译:在当下,买下这个小设备让人很兴奋。
分析:in the moment 强调当时的即时感受。
Sex—safe or not—provides pleasure right away.
性行为无论安全与否,都会立刻带来愉悦。
right away /raɪt əˈweɪ/
立刻;马上
Ex: Please call me right away if plans change.
例句翻译:如果计划有变,请立刻给我打电话。
分析:right away 是口语化的“马上”。
Disease and infection won’t show up for days or weeks, even years.
疾病和感染可能要几天、几周,甚至几年后才会出现。
show up /ʃoʊ ʌp/
出现
Ex: The problem may not show up until later.
例句翻译:这个问题可能要到以后才会出现。
分析:show up 表示出现或显现。
Every habit produces multiple outcomes across time.
每个习惯都会随着时间产生多种结果。
multiple outcomes /ˈmʌltɪpl ˈaʊtkʌmz/
多种结果
Ex: One decision can create multiple outcomes over time.
例句翻译:一个决定会随着时间产生多种结果。
分析:multiple outcomes 指不止一种结果。
Unfortunately, these outcomes are often misaligned.
不幸的是,这些结果常常并不一致。
misaligned /ˌmɪsəˈlaɪnd/
不一致的;错位的
Ex: The team's goals were misaligned with the budget.
例句翻译:团队目标和预算并不一致。
分析:misaligned 表示目标、结果或方向不匹配。
With our bad habits, the immediate outcome usually feels good, but the ultimate outcome feels bad.
对于坏习惯,即时结果通常感觉很好,但最终结果感觉很糟。
immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
即时的;立刻的
Ex: The app gives immediate feedback after each quiz.
例句翻译:每次测验后,这个应用会立刻给出反馈。
分析:immediate 表示马上发生或出现。
ultimate outcome /ˈʌltɪmət ˈaʊtkʌm/
最终结果
Ex: The ultimate outcome of saving is financial freedom.
例句翻译:存钱的最终结果是财务自由。
分析:ultimate outcome 指最后、长期的结果。
With good habits, it is the reverse: the immediate outcome is unenjoyable, but the ultimate outcome feels good.
对于好习惯,情况正好相反:即时结果并不愉快,但最终结果感觉很好。
the reverse /ðə rɪˈvɜːrs/
相反情况
Ex: For morning people, the reverse is often true at night.
例句翻译:对早起型的人来说,晚上常常相反。
分析:the reverse 表示相反的情况。
unenjoyable /ˌʌnɪnˈdʒɔɪəbl/
不愉快的
Ex: The first week of training was unenjoyable but useful.
例句翻译:训练的第一周并不愉快,但很有用。
分析:unenjoyable 表示体验不舒服、不享受。
ultimate outcome /ˈʌltɪmət ˈaʊtkʌm/
最终结果
Ex: The ultimate outcome of saving is financial freedom.
例句翻译:存钱的最终结果是财务自由。
分析:ultimate outcome 指最后、长期的结果。
The French economist Frédéric Bastiat explained the problem clearly when he wrote, “It almost always happens that when the immediate consequence is favorable, the later consequences are disastrous, and vice versa. Often, the sweeter the first fruit of a habit, the more bitter are its later fruits.”
法国经济学家弗雷德里克·巴斯夏清楚地解释了这个问题,他写道:“几乎总是这样:当即时后果有利时,后来的后果往往是灾难性的,反之亦然。通常,一个习惯最初的果实越甜,后来结出的果实就越苦。”
Frédéric Bastiat /ˌfreɪdeɪˈriːk bɑːsˈtjɑː/
弗雷德里克·巴斯夏
Ex: Frédéric Bastiat wrote about seen and unseen consequences.
例句翻译:弗雷德里克·巴斯夏写过可见与不可见的后果。
分析:Frédéric Bastiat 是法国经济学家。
favorable /ˈfeɪvərəbl/
有利的
Ex: A favorable review helped the restaurant attract customers.
例句翻译:一条有利的评价帮助这家餐厅吸引了顾客。
分析:favorable 表示有利、正面的。
disastrous /dɪˈzæstrəs/
灾难性的
Ex: Ignoring the warning had disastrous results.
例句翻译:忽视警告带来了灾难性的结果。
分析:disastrous 表示结果非常糟糕。
vice versa /ˌvaɪs ˈvɜːrsə/
反之亦然
Ex: I help my neighbor with groceries, and vice versa.
例句翻译:我帮邻居买杂货,反过来他也帮我。
分析:vice versa 表示反过来也成立。
first fruit /fɜːrst fruːt/
最初果实;最初回报
Ex: The first fruit of daily practice is a small sense of progress.
例句翻译:每日练习最初的回报是一点进步感。
分析:first fruit 是比喻,指一开始得到的结果。
bitter /ˈbɪtər/
苦的;痛苦的
Ex: Skipping sleep can have bitter consequences the next day.
例句翻译:缺觉第二天可能会带来痛苦后果。
分析:bitter 在这里比喻后果令人难受。
later fruits /ˈleɪtər fruːts/
后来的果实;后续结果
Ex: The later fruits of steady saving can be freedom and security.
例句翻译:持续储蓄后来的结果可能是自由和安全感。
分析:later fruits 是比喻,指之后出现的结果。
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