📖 今天要学习的句子
Toothpaste had a similar trajectory. Manufacturers enjoyed great success when they added flavors like spearmint, peppermint, and cinnamon to their products. These flavors don’t improve the effectiveness of toothpaste. They simply create a “clean mouth” feel and make the experience of brushing your teeth more pleasurable. My wife actually stopped using Sensodyne because she didn’t like the aftertaste. She switched to a brand with a stronger mint flavor, which proved to be more satisfying. Conversely, if an experience is not satisfying, we have little reason to repeat it. In my research, I came across the story of a woman who had a narcissistic relative who drove her nuts. In an attempt to spend less time with this egomaniac, she acted as dull and as boring as possible whenever he was around. Within a few encounters, he started avoiding her because he found her so uninteresting. Stories like these are evidence of the Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change: What is rewarded is repeated. What is punished is avoided. You learn what to do in the future based on what you were rewarded for doing (or punished for doing) in the past. Positive emotions cultivate habits. Negative emotions destroy them.
牙膏也有类似的发展轨迹。当制造商把留兰香、胡椒薄荷和肉桂等口味加入产品时,他们取得了巨大成功。这些味道并不会提升牙膏的功效。它们只是营造出一种“口腔清洁”的感觉,让刷牙体验更令人愉快。我的妻子其实就停用了舒适达,因为她不喜欢它的余味。她改用了一款薄荷味更强的品牌,结果证明这种体验更令人满足。相反,如果一种体验并不令人满足,我们就几乎没有理由重复它。在研究中,我读到过一个故事:一位女士有个自恋的亲戚,把她烦得抓狂。为了少和这个极端自我中心的人相处,只要他在场,她就尽可能表现得乏味无聊。几次接触之后,他开始避开她,因为他觉得她太无趣了。这样的故事就是行为改变核心法则的证据:受到奖励的行为会被重复。受到惩罚的行为会被避免。你会根据过去哪些行为得到了奖励(或惩罚),来学习未来应该做什么。积极情绪会培养习惯。消极情绪则会摧毁习惯。
Toothpaste had a similar trajectory.
牙膏也有类似的发展轨迹。
trajectory /trəˈdʒektəri/
轨迹;发展路线
Ex: A good mentor can change the trajectory of your career.
例句翻译:一位好导师能改变你的职业发展路线。
分析:trajectory 原指运动轨迹,也常指事情的发展方向。
Manufacturers enjoyed great success when they added flavors like spearmint, peppermint, and cinnamon to their products.
当制造商把留兰香、胡椒薄荷和肉桂等口味加入产品时,他们取得了巨大成功。
manufacturers /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərərz/
制造商
Ex: Car manufacturers are adding more electric models.
例句翻译:汽车制造商正在增加更多电动车型。
分析:manufacturers 指生产产品的公司或人。
great success /ɡreɪt səkˈses/
巨大成功
Ex: The new bakery enjoyed great success in its first month.
例句翻译:这家新面包店开业第一个月就大获成功。
分析:great success 强调结果非常成功。
flavors /ˈfleɪvərz/
口味;味道
Ex: The shop sells tea in several flavors.
例句翻译:这家店出售好几种口味的茶。
分析:flavors 指食物或产品的味道种类。
spearmint /ˈspɪrmɪnt/
留兰香
Ex: Spearmint gum makes my mouth feel fresh.
例句翻译:留兰香口香糖让我口腔感觉清新。
分析:spearmint 是一种薄荷味,常用于牙膏和口香糖。
peppermint /ˈpepərmɪnt/
胡椒薄荷
Ex: Peppermint tea can taste cool and strong.
例句翻译:胡椒薄荷茶喝起来清凉而浓烈。
分析:peppermint 是另一种常见薄荷味。
cinnamon /ˈsɪnəmən/
肉桂
Ex: She added cinnamon to the hot milk.
例句翻译:她在热牛奶里加了肉桂。
分析:cinnamon 是一种带甜香味的香料。
These flavors don’t improve the effectiveness of toothpaste.
这些味道并不会提升牙膏的功效。
flavors /ˈfleɪvərz/
口味;味道
Ex: The shop sells tea in several flavors.
例句翻译:这家店出售好几种口味的茶。
分析:flavors 指食物或产品的味道种类。
effectiveness /ɪˈfektɪvnəs/
有效性;效果
Ex: The effectiveness of the plan depends on daily practice.
例句翻译:这个计划的效果取决于每日练习。
分析:effectiveness 指某事达到预期效果的能力。
They simply create a “clean mouth” feel and make the experience of brushing your teeth more pleasurable.
它们只是营造出一种“口腔清洁”的感觉,让刷牙体验更令人愉快。
simply /ˈsɪmpli/
只是;仅仅
Ex: The app simply reminds you to drink water.
例句翻译:这个应用只是提醒你喝水。
分析:simply 在这里表示只是做某件事,并不复杂。
clean mouth /kliːn maʊθ/
口腔清洁感
Ex: Mint leaves a clean mouth feeling after brushing.
例句翻译:刷牙后,薄荷味会留下口腔清洁感。
分析:clean mouth 强调口腔清爽、干净的感觉。
brushing your teeth /ˈbrʌʃɪŋ jʊr tiːθ/
刷牙
Ex: Brushing your teeth before bed protects your smile.
例句翻译:睡前刷牙能保护你的牙齿和笑容。
分析:brushing your teeth 是日常卫生习惯的常用表达。
pleasurable /ˈpleʒərəbl/
令人愉快的
Ex: A warm shower after exercise is pleasurable.
例句翻译:运动后洗个热水澡很愉快。
分析:pleasurable 表示体验让人舒服、愉快。
My wife actually stopped using Sensodyne because she didn’t like the aftertaste.
我的妻子其实就停用了舒适达,因为她不喜欢它的余味。
Sensodyne /ˌsensoʊˈdaɪn/
舒适达牙膏
Ex: Sensodyne is often used by people with sensitive teeth.
例句翻译:舒适达常被牙齿敏感的人使用。
分析:Sensodyne 是一个牙膏品牌名。
aftertaste /ˈæftərteɪst/
余味;回味
Ex: The medicine had a bitter aftertaste.
例句翻译:这种药有苦苦的余味。
分析:aftertaste 指吃喝之后留在口中的味道。
She switched to a brand with a stronger mint flavor, which proved to be more satisfying.
她改用了一款薄荷味更强的品牌,结果证明这种体验更令人满足。
switched to /swɪtʃt tuː/
改用;转向
Ex: He switched to a quieter keyboard for work.
例句翻译:他工作时改用了一款更安静的键盘。
分析:switched to 表示从原来的选择改为另一个选择。
brand /brænd/
品牌
Ex: She trusts this brand of running shoes.
例句翻译:她信任这个跑鞋品牌。
分析:brand 指具有名称和形象的产品品牌。
mint flavor /mɪnt ˈfleɪvər/
薄荷味
Ex: The mint flavor made the drink feel refreshing.
例句翻译:薄荷味让这杯饮料感觉很清爽。
分析:mint flavor 指薄荷带来的清凉味道。
proved to be /pruːvd tuː biː/
结果证明是
Ex: The small change proved to be very helpful.
例句翻译:这个小改变结果证明很有帮助。
分析:proved to be 表示事实最终显示某事是怎样的。
satisfying /ˈsætɪsfaɪɪŋ/
令人满足的
Ex: Finishing a hard project feels satisfying.
例句翻译:完成一个困难项目会让人很有满足感。
分析:satisfying 表示让人感到满足、舒服或值得。
Conversely, if an experience is not satisfying, we have little reason to repeat it.
相反,如果一种体验并不令人满足,我们就几乎没有理由重复它。
conversely /ˈkɑːnvɜːrsli/
相反地
Ex: Exercise gives me energy; conversely, sitting all day makes me tired.
例句翻译:运动让我有精力;相反,坐一整天让我疲惫。
分析:conversely 用来引出相反的情况。
satisfying /ˈsætɪsfaɪɪŋ/
令人满足的
Ex: Finishing a hard project feels satisfying.
例句翻译:完成一个困难项目会让人很有满足感。
分析:satisfying 表示让人感到满足、舒服或值得。
little reason to /ˈlɪtl ˈriːzn tuː/
几乎没有理由
Ex: If the app is confusing, users have little reason to return.
例句翻译:如果这个应用让人困惑,用户几乎没有理由再回来。
分析:little reason to 表示做某事的动机很弱。
repeat /rɪˈpiːt/
重复
Ex: Repeat the new phrase three times after class.
例句翻译:课后把这个新短语重复三遍。
分析:repeat 指再次做同一件事。
In my research, I came across the story of a woman who had a narcissistic relative who drove her nuts.
在研究中,我读到过一个故事:一位女士有个自恋的亲戚,把她烦得抓狂。
came across /keɪm əˈkrɔːs/
偶然发现;遇到
Ex: I came across an old photo while cleaning my desk.
例句翻译:我清理书桌时偶然发现了一张旧照片。
分析:came across 指偶然遇见或发现。
narcissistic /ˌnɑːrsɪˈsɪstɪk/
自恋的
Ex: A narcissistic boss may ignore everyone else's ideas.
例句翻译:自恋的老板可能会忽视其他人的想法。
分析:narcissistic 形容过度关注自己、缺少对他人关心。
relative /ˈrelətɪv/
亲戚
Ex: We visited a relative during the holiday.
例句翻译:假期里我们拜访了一位亲戚。
分析:relative 作名词时指家庭成员或亲属。
drove her nuts /droʊv hɜːr nʌts/
把她逼疯;让她抓狂
Ex: The loud music next door drove her nuts.
例句翻译:隔壁的吵闹音乐让她抓狂。
分析:drive someone nuts 是口语表达,表示让某人非常烦躁。
In an attempt to spend less time with this egomaniac, she acted as dull and as boring as possible whenever he was around.
为了少和这个极端自我中心的人相处,只要他在场,她就尽可能表现得乏味无聊。
in an attempt to /ɪn ən əˈtempt tuː/
为了尝试……;试图……
Ex: In an attempt to save money, they cooked at home.
例句翻译:为了省钱,他们在家做饭。
分析:in an attempt to 引出某人努力想达到的目的。
egomaniac /ˌiːɡoʊˈmeɪniæk/
极端自我中心的人
Ex: Nobody wanted to work with the egomaniac on the team.
例句翻译:没人想和团队里那个极端自我中心的人共事。
分析:egomaniac 指过度自我中心、只在乎自己的人。
dull /dʌl/
乏味的;无趣的
Ex: The lecture felt dull without any examples.
例句翻译:没有例子的讲座显得很乏味。
分析:dull 可形容人、事物或内容无聊、不吸引人。
as boring as possible /æz ˈbɔːrɪŋ æz ˈpɑːsəbl/
尽可能无聊
Ex: He made the report as boring as possible so nobody asked questions.
例句翻译:他把报告做得尽可能无聊,这样没人提问。
分析:as...as possible 表示尽可能达到某种程度。
Within a few encounters, he started avoiding her because he found her so uninteresting.
几次接触之后,他开始避开她,因为他觉得她太无趣了。
encounters /ɪnˈkaʊntərz/
相遇;接触
Ex: After a few awkward encounters, they stopped talking.
例句翻译:几次尴尬接触后,他们不再说话了。
分析:encounters 指短暂的相遇或互动。
avoiding /əˈvɔɪdɪŋ/
避开;避免
Ex: She started avoiding coffee after lunch.
例句翻译:她开始避免午饭后喝咖啡。
分析:avoiding 表示有意识地远离某人或某事。
uninteresting /ˌʌnˈɪntrəstɪŋ/
无趣的
Ex: The movie was so uninteresting that I fell asleep.
例句翻译:这部电影太无趣了,我都睡着了。
分析:uninteresting 表示不能吸引注意力。
Stories like these are evidence of the Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change: What is rewarded is repeated.
这样的故事就是行为改变核心法则的证据:受到奖励的行为会被重复。
evidence /ˈevɪdəns/
证据
Ex: The photos provided evidence of the change.
例句翻译:这些照片提供了变化的证据。
分析:evidence 指支持某个观点或结论的信息。
Cardinal Rule /ˈkɑːrdɪnl ruːl/
核心法则;基本原则
Ex: The cardinal rule of saving money is to spend less than you earn.
例句翻译:存钱的核心法则是花得比赚得少。
分析:Cardinal Rule 指最重要、最基本的规则。
Behavior Change /bɪˈheɪvjər tʃeɪndʒ/
行为改变
Ex: Behavior change often begins with a small reward.
例句翻译:行为改变通常从一个小奖励开始。
分析:Behavior Change 指行为方式发生变化。
rewarded /rɪˈwɔːrdɪd/
被奖励的
Ex: Helpful employees are rewarded with public praise.
例句翻译:乐于助人的员工会得到公开表扬作为奖励。
分析:rewarded 表示某种行为得到了积极结果。
repeated /rɪˈpiːtɪd/
被重复的
Ex: The joke was repeated until everyone remembered it.
例句翻译:这个笑话被反复讲,直到每个人都记住了。
分析:repeated 指某事被再次发生或再次执行。
What is punished is avoided.
受到惩罚的行为会被避免。
punished /ˈpʌnɪʃt/
被惩罚的
Ex: Late submissions were punished with lower scores.
例句翻译:迟交作业会被扣分。
分析:punished 表示某个行为带来了负面后果。
avoided /əˈvɔɪdɪd/
被避免;被避开
Ex: The busy road was avoided by most cyclists.
例句翻译:大多数骑车人都会避开那条繁忙的路。
分析:avoided 表示某人有意识地不接触某事。
You learn what to do in the future based on what you were rewarded for doing (or punished for doing) in the past.
你会根据过去哪些行为得到了奖励(或惩罚),来学习未来应该做什么。
based on /beɪst ɑːn/
基于
Ex: The schedule is based on everyone’s availability.
例句翻译:这个日程是根据每个人的空闲时间安排的。
分析:based on 表示依据某种信息或经验。
rewarded /rɪˈwɔːrdɪd/
被奖励的
Ex: Helpful employees are rewarded with public praise.
例句翻译:乐于助人的员工会得到公开表扬作为奖励。
分析:rewarded 表示某种行为得到了积极结果。
punished /ˈpʌnɪʃt/
被惩罚的
Ex: Late submissions were punished with lower scores.
例句翻译:迟交作业会被扣分。
分析:punished 表示某个行为带来了负面后果。
in the past /ɪn ðə pæst/
在过去
Ex: In the past, I skipped breakfast every day.
例句翻译:过去,我每天都不吃早餐。
分析:in the past 指以前发生的情况。
Positive emotions cultivate habits.
积极情绪会培养习惯。
positive emotions /ˈpɑːzətɪv ɪˈmoʊʃnz/
积极情绪
Ex: Positive emotions make learning feel easier.
例句翻译:积极情绪会让学习感觉更容易。
分析:positive emotions 指快乐、满足、安心等正向感受。
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
培养
Ex: A friendly teacher can cultivate curiosity in students.
例句翻译:友善的老师能培养学生的好奇心。
分析:cultivate 表示逐步培养、发展某种品质或习惯。
Negative emotions destroy them.
消极情绪则会摧毁习惯。
negative emotions /ˈneɡətɪv ɪˈmoʊʃnz/
消极情绪
Ex: Negative emotions can make a task feel harder.
例句翻译:消极情绪会让任务感觉更难。
分析:negative emotions 指害怕、厌烦、痛苦等负向感受。
destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
破坏;摧毁
Ex: Constant stress can destroy a healthy routine.
例句翻译:持续的压力会破坏健康的日常习惯。
分析:destroy 表示严重破坏,使某事难以继续。
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