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15 The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change In the late 1990s, a public health worker named Stephen Luby left his hometown of Omaha, Nebraska, and bought a one-way ticket to Karachi, Pakistan. Karachi was one of the most populous cities in the world. By 1998, over nine million people called it home. It was the economic center of Pakistan and a transportation hub, with some of the most active airports and seaports in the region. In the commercial parts of town, you could find all of the standard urban amenities and bustling downtown streets. But Karachi was also one of the least livable cities in the world. Over 60 percent of Karachi’s residents lived in squatter settlements and slums. These densely packed neighborhoods were filled with makeshift houses cobbled together from old boards, cinder blocks, and other discarded materials. There was no waste removal system, no electricity grid, no clean water supply. When dry, the streets were a combination of dust and trash. When wet, they became a muddy pit of sewage. Mosquito colonies thrived in pools of stagnant water, and children played among the garbage.
15。行为改变的核心法则。20世纪90年代末，一位名叫斯蒂芬·卢比的公共卫生工作者离开了家乡内布拉斯加州奥马哈，买了一张前往巴基斯坦卡拉奇的单程票。卡拉奇曾是世界上人口最多的城市之一。到1998年，已有900多万人把这里称为家。它是巴基斯坦的经济中心和交通枢纽，拥有该地区一些最繁忙的机场和海港。在城市的商业区，你可以找到各种标准的城市设施和繁忙的市中心街道。但卡拉奇也是世界上最不宜居的城市之一。卡拉奇60%以上的居民住在棚户区和贫民窟。这些人口密集的社区里挤满了临时搭建的房屋，房子由旧木板、煤渣砖和其他废弃材料拼凑而成。那里没有垃圾清运系统，没有电网，也没有干净的供水。天气干燥时，街道混杂着尘土和垃圾；下雨潮湿时，街道就变成满是污水的泥坑。蚊群在一池池死水中大量滋生，孩子们则在垃圾堆中玩耍。
15
15。
The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change
行为改变的核心法则。
Cardinal Rule /ˈkɑːrdɪnəl ruːl/
the most important rule
Ex: The cardinal rule of saving money is to spend less than you earn.
例句翻译：存钱的核心法则是花得比赚得少。
分析：Cardinal Rule 指最重要、最核心的规则。
Behavior Change /bɪˈheɪvjər tʃeɪndʒ/
the process of changing actions or habits
Ex: Behavior change becomes easier when the environment supports it.
例句翻译：当环境支持它时，行为改变会更容易。
分析：Behavior Change 指行为改变，是习惯养成语境中的核心概念。
In the late 1990s, a public health worker named Stephen Luby left his hometown of Omaha, Nebraska, and bought a one-way ticket to Karachi, Pakistan.
20世纪90年代末，一位名叫斯蒂芬·卢比的公共卫生工作者离开了家乡内布拉斯加州奥马哈，买了一张前往巴基斯坦卡拉奇的单程票。
public health /ˈpʌblɪk helθ/
the work of protecting the health of communities
Ex: Public health workers teach families how to prevent disease.
例句翻译：公共卫生工作者教家庭如何预防疾病。
分析：public health 指公共卫生，关注群体健康。
hometown /ˈhoʊmtaʊn/
the town or city where someone grew up
Ex: She returned to her hometown after college.
例句翻译：大学毕业后，她回到了家乡。
分析：hometown 表示家乡。
one-way ticket /ˌwʌn weɪ ˈtɪkɪt/
a ticket for travel in one direction only
Ex: He bought a one-way ticket to start a new job.
例句翻译：他买了一张单程票去开始新工作。
分析：one-way ticket 指单程票。
Karachi was one of the most populous cities in the world.
卡拉奇曾是世界上人口最多的城市之一。
populous /ˈpɑːpjələs/
having many people
Ex: Tokyo is one of the most populous cities in the world.
例句翻译：东京是世界上人口最多的城市之一。
分析：populous 表示人口众多的，常用于描述城市或国家。
By 1998, over nine million people called it home.
到1998年，已有900多万人把这里称为家。
It was the economic center of Pakistan and a transportation hub, with some of the most active airports and seaports in the region.
它是巴基斯坦的经济中心和交通枢纽，拥有该地区一些最繁忙的机场和海港。
economic center /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪk ˈsentər/
a place where much business and trade happens
Ex: The port city became an economic center for the region.
例句翻译：这座港口城市成了该地区的经济中心。
分析：economic center 指经济中心。
transportation hub /ˌtrænspərˈteɪʃən hʌb/
a place where many travel routes connect
Ex: The station is a transportation hub for the whole city.
例句翻译：这个车站是全城的交通枢纽。
分析：transportation hub 指交通枢纽。
seaports /ˈsiːpɔːrts/
ports where ships load and unload goods
Ex: Busy seaports connect the country to global trade.
例句翻译：繁忙的海港把这个国家和全球贸易连接起来。
分析：seaports 是 seaport 的复数，表示海港。
region /ˈriːdʒən/
an area of a country or the world
Ex: This region is famous for tea and mountains.
例句翻译：这个地区以茶和山闻名。
分析：region 表示地区、区域。
In the commercial parts of town, you could find all of the standard urban amenities and bustling downtown streets.
在城市的商业区，你可以找到各种标准的城市设施和繁忙的市中心街道。
commercial /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/
related to business or trade
Ex: The commercial district is busy during the day.
例句翻译：商业区白天很繁忙。
分析：commercial 表示商业的。
urban amenities /ˈɜːrbən əˈmenətiz/
useful city facilities or services
Ex: Good parks and libraries are important urban amenities.
例句翻译：好的公园和图书馆是重要的城市设施。
分析：urban amenities 指城市设施或便利服务。
bustling /ˈbʌslɪŋ/
full of busy activity
Ex: The market was bustling early in the morning.
例句翻译：清晨的市场已经熙熙攘攘。
分析：bustling 表示热闹繁忙的。
But Karachi was also one of the least livable cities in the world.
但卡拉奇也是世界上最不宜居的城市之一。
livable /ˈlɪvəbəl/
suitable or pleasant to live in
Ex: Clean water makes a city more livable.
例句翻译：干净的水让城市更宜居。
分析：livable 表示适宜居住的。
Over 60 percent of Karachi’s residents lived in squatter settlements and slums.
卡拉奇60%以上的居民住在棚户区和贫民窟。
residents /ˈrezɪdənts/
people who live in a place
Ex: Local residents helped clean the park.
例句翻译：当地居民帮忙清理公园。
分析：residents 表示居民。
squatter settlements /ˈskwɑːtər ˈsetəlmənts/
poor neighborhoods built on land without legal ownership
Ex: Many families moved into squatter settlements near the city.
例句翻译：许多家庭搬进了城市附近的棚户区。
分析：squatter settlements 指非正式棚户区或非法占地聚居区。
slums /slʌmz/
very poor and crowded urban areas
Ex: The charity built schools in the slums.
例句翻译：这个慈善机构在贫民窟建了学校。
分析：slums 指贫民窟。
These densely packed neighborhoods were filled with makeshift houses cobbled together from old boards, cinder blocks, and other discarded materials.
这些人口密集的社区里挤满了临时搭建的房屋，房子由旧木板、煤渣砖和其他废弃材料拼凑而成。
densely packed /ˈdensli pækt/
crowded closely together
Ex: The train was densely packed during rush hour.
例句翻译：高峰时段，火车里挤满了人。
分析：densely packed 表示密集拥挤的。
makeshift /ˈmeɪkʃɪft/
temporary and made from available materials
Ex: They used boxes as a makeshift table.
例句翻译：他们用箱子临时当桌子。
分析：makeshift 表示临时搭建的、凑合用的。
cobbled together /ˈkɑːbəld təˈɡeðər/
made quickly from whatever is available
Ex: The team cobbled together a plan before the meeting.
例句翻译：团队在会议前匆忙拼凑出一个计划。
分析：cobbled together 表示临时拼凑而成。
cinder blocks /ˈsɪndər blɑːks/
large gray building blocks made from concrete material
Ex: They built a small wall with cinder blocks.
例句翻译：他们用煤渣砖砌了一堵小墙。
分析：cinder blocks 指煤渣砖或混凝土砌块。
discarded /dɪˈskɑːrdɪd/
thrown away
Ex: Discarded bottles covered the empty lot.
例句翻译：废弃瓶子铺满了那块空地。
分析：discarded 表示被丢弃的。
There was no waste removal system, no electricity grid, no clean water supply.
那里没有垃圾清运系统，没有电网，也没有干净的供水。
waste removal /weɪst rɪˈmuːvəl/
the service of taking garbage away
Ex: Regular waste removal keeps streets cleaner.
例句翻译：定期垃圾清运能让街道更干净。
分析：waste removal 指垃圾清运。
electricity grid /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti ɡrɪd/
the system that supplies electricity
Ex: The storm damaged the electricity grid.
例句翻译：暴风雨破坏了电网。
分析：electricity grid 指电网。
water supply /ˈwɔːtər səˈplaɪ/
the system or amount of available water
Ex: The village needs a clean water supply.
例句翻译：这个村庄需要干净的供水。
分析：water supply 指供水或水源。
When dry, the streets were a combination of dust and trash.
天气干燥时，街道混杂着尘土和垃圾。
combination /ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃən/
a mixture of things
Ex: The soup was a combination of vegetables and rice.
例句翻译：这汤混合了蔬菜和米饭。
分析：combination 表示组合、混合。
When wet, they became a muddy pit of sewage.
下雨潮湿时，街道就变成满是污水的泥坑。
muddy /ˈmʌdi/
covered with or full of mud
Ex: The path became muddy after the rain.
例句翻译：雨后小路变得泥泞。
分析：muddy 表示泥泞的。
sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/
dirty water and waste from homes or buildings
Ex: The flood carried sewage into the street.
例句翻译：洪水把污水冲到了街上。
分析：sewage 指污水、下水道污物。
Mosquito colonies thrived in pools of stagnant water, and children played among the garbage.
蚊群在一池池死水中大量滋生，孩子们则在垃圾堆中玩耍。
mosquito colonies /məˈskiːtoʊ ˈkɑːləniz/
groups of mosquitoes living or breeding together
Ex: Mosquito colonies grow quickly near standing water.
例句翻译：蚊群在静止水源附近会迅速滋生。
分析：mosquito colonies 指蚊群或蚊子聚集繁殖的群体。
thrived /θraɪvd/
grew or developed very well
Ex: Weeds thrived in the empty garden.
例句翻译：杂草在空花园里长得很旺。
分析：thrived 表示茁壮生长、繁盛。
stagnant water /ˈstæɡnənt ˈwɔːtər/
water that is not moving
Ex: Stagnant water can attract mosquitoes.
例句翻译：死水会吸引蚊子。
分析：stagnant water 指不流动的死水。
garbage /ˈɡɑːrbɪdʒ/
waste or trash
Ex: The park looked better after the garbage was removed.
例句翻译：垃圾被清走后，公园看起来好多了。
分析：garbage 表示垃圾。
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