WHERE CRAVINGS COME FROMEvery behavior has a surface level craving and a deeper, underlying motive.I often have a craving that goes something like this: "I want to eat tacos."If you were to ask me why I want to eat tacos, I wouldn't say, "Because I need food to survive."But the truth is, somewhere deep down, I am motivated to eat tacos because I have to eat to survive.The underlying motive is to obtain food and water even if my specific craving is for a taco.Some of our underlying motives include:Conserve energyObtain food and waterFind love and reproduceConnect and bond with othersWin social acceptance and approvalReduce uncertaintyAchieve status and prestigeA craving is just a specific manifestation of a deeper underlying motive.Your brain did not evolve with a desire to smoke cigarettes or to check Instagram or to play video games.At a deep level, you simply want to reduce uncertainty and relieve anxiety, to win social acceptance and approval, or to achieve status.Look at nearly any product that is habit-forming and you'll see that it does not create a new motivation, but rather latches onto the underlying motives of human nature.Find love and reproduce = using TinderConnect and bond with others = browsing FacebookWin social acceptance and approval = posting on InstagramReduce uncertainty = searching on GoogleAchieve status and prestige = playing video gamesYour habits are modern-day solutions to ancient desires.New versions of old vices.The underlying motives behind human behavior remain the same.The specific habits we perform differ based on the period of history.
Every behavior has a surface level craving and a deeper, underlying motive.
每一种行为都有表层的渴望,也有更深层、潜在的动机。
surface level/ˈsɜːrfɪs ˈlevl/
adj. 表层的,表面的
Ex: A surface level solution won't last long.
例句翻译:表面的解决办法不会持续太久。 分析:表示人最先感受到的那一层,而不是本质。
underlying/ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ/
adj. 潜在的,深层的
Ex: Stress may be the underlying cause.
例句翻译:压力可能是潜在原因。 分析:指隐藏在表象下面、真正驱动行为的因素。
motive/ˈmoʊtɪv/
n. 动机
Ex: His motive was to protect his family.
例句翻译:他的动机是保护家人。 分析:强调一个人做某件事背后的原因。
I often have a craving that goes something like this: "I want to eat tacos."
我经常会有这样一种渴望:“我想吃塔可。”
goes something like this/ɡoʊz ˈsʌmθɪŋ laɪk ðɪs/
phr. 大概是这样
Ex: The conversation went something like this.
例句翻译:那段对话大概是这样的。 分析:口语表达,用来引出一个大致的说法。
craving/ˈkreɪvɪŋ/
n. 强烈渴望
Ex: She had a craving for spicy food.
例句翻译:她突然特别想吃辣的。 分析:比普通的 want 更强,表示很想立刻得到。
tacos/ˈtɑːkoʊz/
n. 塔可(复数)
Ex: We ordered tacos for lunch.
例句翻译:我们午餐点了塔可。 分析:一种墨西哥食物,这里只是作者举的具体例子。
If you were to ask me why I want to eat tacos, I wouldn't say, "Because I need food to survive."
如果你问我为什么想吃塔可,我不会回答:“因为我需要食物来生存。”
were to ask/wɜːr tə æsk/
phr. 如果你要问
Ex: If you were to ask him, he'd say yes.
例句翻译:如果你去问他,他会答应的。 分析:一种较自然的虚拟表达,表示假设情况。
survive/sərˈvaɪv/
v. 生存,活下来
Ex: All animals need food to survive.
例句翻译:所有动物都需要食物来生存。 分析:强调最基本的生命需求。
need food/niːd fuːd/
phr. 需要食物
Ex: We all need food and water every day.
例句翻译:我们每天都需要食物和水。 分析:点出了所有具体渴望背后的生存基础。
But the truth is, somewhere deep down, I am motivated to eat tacos because I have to eat to survive.
但事实是,在内心深处,我之所以想吃塔可,是因为我必须吃东西才能活下去。
deep down/diːp daʊn/
phr. 在内心深处
Ex: Deep down, he knew the answer.
例句翻译:在内心深处,他知道答案。 分析:强调更真实、更本质的心理层面。
motivated/ˈmoʊtɪveɪtɪd/
adj. 受到驱使的
Ex: She was motivated by a desire to improve.
例句翻译:她受到想变得更好的愿望驱使。 分析:说明行为并不是随机的,而是被某种力量推动。
have to/hæv tə/
phr. 必须
Ex: We have to rest sometimes.
例句翻译:我们有时必须休息。 分析:表示生存层面的必要性。
The underlying motive is to obtain food and water even if my specific craving is for a taco.
即使我具体的渴望是一份塔可,更深层的动机其实是获取食物和水。
obtain/əbˈteɪn/
v. 获得,取得
Ex: People work to obtain what they need.
例句翻译:人们努力去获得自己需要的东西。 分析:比 get 更正式,常用于书面表达。
specific/spəˈsɪfɪk/
adj. 具体的,特定的
Ex: This is a very specific example.
例句翻译:这是一个很具体的例子。 分析:用来区分表层的具体对象和深层的真实需求。
even if/ˈiːvn ɪf/
phr. 即使
Ex: Even if it's hard, keep going.
例句翻译:即使很难,也继续前进。 分析:表示让步,强调后面结论依然成立。
Some of our underlying motives include:
我们一些更深层的动机包括:
include/ɪnˈkluːd/
v. 包括
Ex: The benefits include better sleep.
例句翻译:好处包括更好的睡眠。 分析:表示接下来要列举内容。
underlying motives/ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ ˈmoʊtɪvz/
n. 深层动机
Ex: Habits often hide underlying motives.
例句翻译:习惯背后常常隐藏着深层动机。 分析:这一组词是本段最核心的概念之一。
Conserve energy
节省能量。
conserve/kənˈsɜːrv/
v. 保存,节省
Ex: Animals conserve energy in winter.
例句翻译:动物在冬天会保存能量。 分析:表示尽量少消耗,以便长期使用。
energy/ˈenərdʒi/
n. 能量,精力
Ex: Sleep helps restore your energy.
例句翻译:睡眠有助于恢复精力。 分析:这里既可理解为身体能量,也可理解为精力资源。
Obtain food and water
获取食物和水。
obtain/əbˈteɪn/
v. 获得
Ex: Early humans had to obtain food daily.
例句翻译:早期人类必须每天获得食物。 分析:表示通过努力或行动得到资源。
food and water/fuːd ənd ˈwɔːtər/
n. 食物和水
Ex: Food and water are basic needs.
例句翻译:食物和水是基本需求。 分析:人类最基础的生存动机之一。
Find love and reproduce
寻找爱情并繁衍后代。
reproduce/ˌriːprəˈduːs/
v. 繁殖,繁衍
Ex: Living things reproduce to continue the species.
例句翻译:生物通过繁衍来延续物种。 分析:较正式的词,用来表达繁殖后代。
find love/faɪnd lʌv/
phr. 寻找爱情
Ex: Many people hope to find love and companionship.
例句翻译:很多人希望找到爱情和陪伴。 分析:这里把情感关系也视作深层驱动力之一。
Connect and bond with others
与他人建立联系并形成纽带。
connect/kəˈnekt/
v. 联系,连接
Ex: People want to connect with others.
例句翻译:人们想和他人建立联系。 分析:指建立交流、关系和情感联系。
bond/bɑːnd/
v. 建立纽带
Ex: Shared experiences help people bond.
例句翻译:共同经历有助于人们建立纽带。 分析:比 connect 更深,强调稳定的情感关系。
Win social acceptance and approval
赢得社会接纳和认可。
social acceptance/ˈsoʊʃl əkˈseptəns/
n. 社会接纳
Ex: Teenagers often care about social acceptance.
例句翻译:青少年常常在意社会接纳。 分析:指被群体接受、视作自己人。
approval/əˈpruːvl/
n. 认可,赞同
Ex: He wanted his parents' approval.
例句翻译:他想得到父母的认可。 分析:表示别人对你的行为给予正面评价。
Reduce uncertainty
减少不确定性。
reduce/rɪˈduːs/
v. 减少,降低
Ex: Exercise can reduce stress.
例句翻译:运动可以减少压力。 分析:表示把某种感觉或数量降下来。
uncertainty/ʌnˈsɜːrtnti/
n. 不确定性
Ex: People dislike uncertainty about the future.
例句翻译:人们不喜欢对未来的不确定。 分析:这是很多信息搜索和控制欲背后的深层原因。
Achieve status and prestige
获得地位和声望。
achieve/əˈtʃiːv/
v. 获得,实现
Ex: She worked hard to achieve success.
例句翻译:她努力工作以获得成功。 分析:表示通过努力到达目标。
prestige/preˈstiːʒ/
n. 声望,威望
Ex: The award gave him prestige.
例句翻译:这个奖项给了他声望。 分析:比普通名气更强调社会评价和地位。
A craving is just a specific manifestation of a deeper underlying motive.
渴望只不过是更深层潜在动机的一种具体表现形式。
manifestation/ˌmænɪfəˈsteɪʃn/
n. 表现形式,体现
Ex: Anger can be a manifestation of fear.
例句翻译:愤怒可能是恐惧的一种表现形式。 分析:较抽象的词,表示内在东西在外部的呈现。
specific/spəˈsɪfɪk/
adj. 具体的,特定的
Ex: This is one specific example of the rule.
例句翻译:这是这条规律的一个具体例子。 分析:强调渴望只是某种具体形态。
deeper/ˈdiːpər/
adj. 更深层的
Ex: We need to look for deeper reasons.
例句翻译:我们需要寻找更深层的原因。 分析:与表层 craving 形成对比。
Your brain did not evolve with a desire to smoke cigarettes or to check Instagram or to play video games.
你的大脑进化出来,并不是为了渴望抽烟、刷 Instagram 或玩电子游戏。
evolve/ɪˈvɑːlv/
v. 进化,演变
Ex: Humans evolved over a long period of time.
例句翻译:人类经过漫长时间进化而来。 分析:用于解释人类行为背后的生物学基础。
desire/dɪˈzaɪər/
n. 欲望,渴望
Ex: The desire for comfort shapes many choices.
例句翻译:对舒适的渴望会影响很多选择。 分析:比 casual want 更正式,也更偏心理层面。
video games/ˈvɪdioʊ ɡeɪmz/
n. 电子游戏
Ex: Some people use video games to relax.
例句翻译:有些人用电子游戏来放松。 分析:这里作为现代习惯的例子出现。
At a deep level, you simply want to reduce uncertainty and relieve anxiety, to win social acceptance and approval, or to achieve status.
从更深层来看,你只是想减少不确定性、缓解焦虑,想赢得社会接纳和认可,或者想获得地位。
relieve anxiety/rɪˈliːv æŋˈzaɪəti/
phr. 缓解焦虑
Ex: Breathing slowly can relieve anxiety.
例句翻译:慢慢呼吸可以缓解焦虑。 分析:指出很多习惯行为背后的情绪调节功能。
approval/əˈpruːvl/
n. 认可
Ex: Social approval can shape behavior.
例句翻译:社会认可会影响行为。 分析:说明人类行为很受外界评价影响。
status/ˈsteɪtəs/
n. 地位,身份
Ex: People sometimes chase status without noticing it.
例句翻译:人们有时会在不自觉中追逐地位。 分析:这里是深层驱动力之一。
Look at nearly any product that is habit-forming and you'll see that it does not create a new motivation, but rather latches onto the underlying motives of human nature.