We are also motivated to avoid behaviors that would lower our status.We trim our hedges and mow our lawn because we don't want to be the slob of the neighborhood.When our mother comes to visit, we clean up the house because we don't want to be judged.We are continually wondering "What will others think of me?" and altering our behavior based on the answer.The Polgar sisters, the chess prodigies mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, are evidence of the powerful and lasting impact social influences can have on our behavior.The sisters practiced chess for many hours each day and continued this remarkable effort for decades.But these habits and behaviors maintained their attractiveness, in part, because they were valued by their culture.From the praise of their parents to the achievement of different status markers like becoming a grandmaster, they had many reasons to continue their effort.Chapter SummaryThe culture we live in determines which behaviors are attractive to us.We tend to adopt habits that are praised and approved of by our culture because we have a strong desire to fit in and belong to the tribe.We tend to imitate the habits of three social groups: the close (family and friends), the many (the tribe), and the powerful (those with status and prestige).One of the most effective things you can do to build better habits is to join a culture where (1) your desired behavior is the normal behavior and (2) you already have something in common with the group.The normal behavior of the tribe often overpowers the desired behavior of the individual.Most days, we'd rather be wrong with the crowd than be right by ourselves.If a behavior can get us approval, respect, and praise, we find it attractive.
We are also motivated to avoid behaviors that would lower our status.
我们也会受到驱使,去避免那些会降低自己地位的行为。
motivated/ˈmoʊtɪveɪtɪd/
adj. 有动机的;受到驱使的
Ex: She felt motivated to improve her skills.
例句翻译:她受到驱使去提升自己的技能。 分析:表示某种力量推动人去做或不做某件事。
avoid/əˈvɔɪd/
v. 避免
Ex: He tries to avoid unnecessary conflict.
例句翻译:他尽量避免不必要的冲突。 分析:表示主动远离可能带来负面结果的行为。
lower/ˈloʊər/
v. 降低
Ex: That mistake could lower his reputation.
例句翻译:那个错误可能会降低他的声誉。 分析:这里指让社会地位、形象或评价下降。
status/ˈsteɪtəs/
n. 地位,身份
Ex: People often care about their social status.
例句翻译:人们常常在意自己的社会地位。 分析:指一个人在群体中的位置与被看待的层级。
We trim our hedges and mow our lawn because we don't want to be the slob of the neighborhood.
我们会修剪树篱、修整草坪,因为我们不想成为社区里那个邋遢的人。
trim/trɪm/
v. 修剪
Ex: He trims the bushes every weekend.
例句翻译:他每个周末都会修剪灌木。 分析:常用于修整植物、头发等,使其整洁。
hedges/ˈhedʒɪz/
n. 树篱(复数)
Ex: The hedges around the house were neat.
例句翻译:房子周围的树篱很整齐。 分析:指用灌木形成的边界,常见于住宅环境。
mow/moʊ/
v. 修剪,割(草)
Ex: He mowed the lawn in the morning.
例句翻译:他早上修剪了草坪。 分析:专门指用割草机修理草坪。
slob/slɑːb/
n. 邋遢的人,懒散的人
Ex: He didn't want others to think he was a slob.
例句翻译:他不想让别人觉得自己很邋遢。 分析:口语词,带有明显负面评价。
When our mother comes to visit, we clean up the house because we don't want to be judged.
当母亲来家里做客时,我们会把房子打扫干净,因为我们不想被评判。
clean up/kliːn ʌp/
phr. 打扫,清理
Ex: We need to clean up before guests arrive.
例句翻译:客人来之前我们得打扫一下。 分析:常见短语,表示把环境收拾整洁。
judged/dʒʌdʒd/
v. 被评判(过去分词)
Ex: She hates being judged by others.
例句翻译:她讨厌被别人评判。 分析:表示担心别人根据行为对自己作负面判断。
visit/ˈvɪzɪt/
v./n. 来访,拜访
Ex: My grandparents came to visit last week.
例句翻译:我祖父母上周来家里做客。 分析:这里反映家庭关系中的社会评价压力。
We are continually wondering "What will others think of me?" and altering our behavior based on the answer.
我们会不断地想着“别人会怎么看我?”,并根据这个答案来调整自己的行为。
continually/kənˈtɪnjuəli/
adv. 持续不断地
Ex: He was continually checking his phone.
例句翻译:他一直不停地看手机。 分析:强调这种社会比较是反复发生的。
altering/ˈɔːltərɪŋ/
v. 改变,调整(现在分词)
Ex: She kept altering her plan.
例句翻译:她不断调整自己的计划。 分析:表示根据外界反馈对行为做出变化。
behavior/bɪˈheɪvjər/
n. 行为
Ex: Children learn behavior from adults.
例句翻译:孩子从成年人那里学行为方式。 分析:这里指具体可见的行动方式。
based on/beɪst ɑːn/
phr. 基于,根据
Ex: The decision was based on facts.
例句翻译:这个决定是根据事实作出的。 分析:说明人们会依据他人的潜在评价调整自己。
The Polgar sisters, the chess prodigies mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, are evidence of the powerful and lasting impact social influences can have on our behavior.
波尔加姐妹,也就是本章开头提到的国际象棋神童,正是社会影响能对我们行为产生强大而持久作用的证据。
prodigies/ˈprɑːdɪdʒiz/
n. 神童,奇才(复数)
Ex: The young musicians were seen as prodigies.
例句翻译:这些年轻音乐家被视为神童。 分析:指年纪很小却表现出惊人天赋的人。
evidence/ˈevɪdəns/
n. 证据,例证
Ex: This case is strong evidence of social influence.
例句翻译:这个案例是社会影响力的有力证据。 分析:用于支持某一观点的事实或实例。
lasting/ˈlæstɪŋ/
adj. 持久的,长久的
Ex: Good habits can have lasting effects.
例句翻译:好习惯会带来持久影响。 分析:强调影响不是短暂的,而是可以持续很久。
social influences/ˈsoʊʃl ˈɪnfluənsɪz/
n. 社会影响(复数)
Ex: Teenagers are sensitive to social influences.
例句翻译:青少年对社会影响很敏感。 分析:指来自家庭、群体和文化的作用力。
The sisters practiced chess for many hours each day and continued this remarkable effort for decades.
姐妹三人每天练习很多小时的国际象棋,并且把这种惊人的努力持续了几十年。
practiced/ˈpræktɪst/
v. 练习(过去式)
Ex: She practiced piano every day.
例句翻译:她每天练习钢琴。 分析:强调长期重复进行某种训练。
remarkable/rɪˈmɑːrkəbl/
adj. 非凡的,惊人的
Ex: He showed remarkable patience.
例句翻译:他表现出惊人的耐心。 分析:表示非常突出、值得注意。
effort/ˈefərt/
n. 努力
Ex: Success requires years of effort.
例句翻译:成功需要多年的努力。 分析:这里指持续投入时间和精力。
decades/ˈdekeɪdz/
n. 几十年(复数)
Ex: The tradition lasted for decades.
例句翻译:这个传统持续了几十年。 分析:强调这种坚持的时间尺度非常长。
But these habits and behaviors maintained their attractiveness, in part, because they were valued by their culture.
但这些习惯和行为之所以始终保持吸引力,部分原因在于,它们在她们所处的文化中是被重视的。
maintained/meɪnˈteɪnd/
v. 保持,维持(过去式)
Ex: She maintained her focus for hours.
例句翻译:她几个小时都保持着专注。 分析:表示某种状态没有消失,而是持续存在。
attractiveness/əˈtræktɪvnəs/
n. 吸引力
Ex: The attractiveness of the habit came from praise.
例句翻译:这个习惯的吸引力来自赞扬。 分析:这里不是外貌吸引力,而是行为本身让人愿意持续去做。
valued/ˈvæljuːd/
adj./v. 被重视的
Ex: Hard work is valued in many families.
例句翻译:努力在很多家庭中都受到重视。 分析:表示某种行为在文化中受到肯定和鼓励。
From the praise of their parents to the achievement of different status markers like becoming a grandmaster, they had many reasons to continue their effort.
从父母的赞扬,到像成为国际特级大师这样的不同地位标志所带来的成就,她们有很多理由继续坚持下去。
achievement/əˈtʃiːvmənt/
n. 成就,达成
Ex: Winning the prize was a major achievement.
例句翻译:获奖是一个重要成就。 分析:表示通过努力获得的重要成果。
status markers/ˈsteɪtəs ˈmɑːrkərz/
n. 地位标志(复数)
Ex: Titles and medals can act as status markers.
例句翻译:头衔和奖牌都可以成为地位标志。 分析:指能够显示身份、成就和社会层级的外在符号。
grandmaster/ˈɡrænmæstər/
n. 国际特级大师
Ex: He dreamed of becoming a chess grandmaster.
例句翻译:他梦想成为国际象棋特级大师。 分析:国际象棋中的最高级别头衔之一,象征极高成就。
continue/kənˈtɪnjuː/
v. 继续,坚持
Ex: She decided to continue her training.
例句翻译:她决定继续训练。 分析:说明外部回报会强化长期投入。
Chapter Summary
章节总结。
summary/ˈsʌməri/
n. 总结,概述
Ex: Please give me a short summary of the chapter.
例句翻译:请给我一个本章的简短总结。 分析:提示接下来内容是对前文核心观点的提炼。
chapter/ˈtʃæptər/
n. 章节
Ex: This chapter focuses on social influence.
例句翻译:这一章聚焦于社会影响。 分析:表示书中的独立部分。
The culture we live in determines which behaviors are attractive to us.
我们所生活的文化决定了哪些行为会对我们有吸引力。
culture/ˈkʌltʃər/
n. 文化,群体氛围
Ex: School culture affects students' habits.
例句翻译:学校文化会影响学生的习惯。 分析:这里强调环境和群体价值观对行为偏好的影响。
determines/dɪˈtɜːrmɪnz/
v. 决定(第三人称单数)
Ex: Your choices determine your future.
例句翻译:你的选择决定你的未来。 分析:表示起关键作用,直接影响结果。
attractive/əˈtræktɪv/
adj. 有吸引力的
Ex: A habit feels attractive when it fits your environment.
例句翻译:当一个习惯适合你的环境时,它就会显得有吸引力。 分析:本章核心词,指更容易让人愿意去做。
We tend to adopt habits that are praised and approved of by our culture because we have a strong desire to fit in and belong to the tribe.
我们倾向于采纳那些在自己的文化中被赞扬和认可的习惯,因为我们有强烈的愿望去融入并归属于群体。
adopt/əˈdɑːpt/
v. 采纳,采用
Ex: She adopted a healthier routine last year.
例句翻译:她去年采用了更健康的生活规律。 分析:指把某个做法变成自己的习惯。
approved of/əˈpruːvd əv/
phr. 被认可,被赞同
Ex: His behavior was approved of by the group.
例句翻译:他的行为得到了群体的认可。 分析:强调行为是否得到文化的正向反馈。
fit in/fɪt ɪn/
phr. 融入,合群
Ex: New students often want to fit in quickly.
例句翻译:新生常常想尽快融入群体。 分析:表示成为群体中被接受的一员。
tribe/traɪb/
n. 群体,部落
Ex: Everyone wants to feel part of a tribe.
例句翻译:每个人都想感觉自己属于某个群体。 分析:这里是比喻说法,指自己归属的社群。
We tend to imitate the habits of three social groups: the close (family and friends), the many (the tribe), and the powerful (those with status and prestige).
例句翻译:声望会让某些习惯显得更有吸引力。 分析:和 status 一起构成“有权势者”的吸引力来源。
One of the most effective things you can do to build better habits is to join a culture where (1) your desired behavior is the normal behavior and (2) you already have something in common with the group.