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When scientists analyzed the brains of taxi drivers in London, they found that the hippocampus—a region of the brain involved in spatial memory—was significantly larger in their subjects than in non–taxi drivers. Even more fascinating, the hippocampus decreased in size when a driver retired. Like the muscles of the body responding to regular weight training, particular regions of the brain adapt as they are used and atrophy as they are abandoned. Of course, the importance of repetition in establishing habits was recognized long before neuroscientists began poking around. In 1860, the English philosopher George H. Lewes noted, "In learning to speak a new language, to play on a musical instrument, or to perform unaccustomed movements, great difficulty is felt, because the channels through which each sensation has to pass have not become established; but no sooner has frequent repetition cut a pathway, than this difficulty vanishes; the actions become so automatic that they can be performed while the mind is otherwise engaged." Both common sense and scientific evidence agree: repetition is a form of change. Each time you repeat an action, you are activating a particular neural circuit associated with that habit. This means that simply putting in your reps is one of the most critical steps you can take to encoding a new habit. It is why the students who took tons of photos improved their skills while those who merely theorized about perfect photos did not. One group engaged in active practice, the other in passive learning. One in action, the other in motion.
当科学家分析伦敦出租车司机的大脑时,他们发现:海马体——一个与空间记忆有关的大脑区域——在这些受试者身上明显比非出租车司机更大。更有趣的是,当司机退休后,海马体的体积会变小。就像身体的肌肉会因为规律的负重训练而变化一样,大脑的某些区域会在被使用时适应并增强,在被弃用时萎缩。 当然,重复在建立习惯中的重要性,早在神经科学家开始深入研究之前就已经被认识到了。1860 年,英国哲学家乔治·H·刘易斯写道:“在学习说一门新语言、演奏一种乐器,或完成不习惯的动作时,人会感到很大的困难,因为每一种感觉必须通过的通道尚未建立;但只要频繁重复开辟出一条路径,这种困难就会消失;动作会变得如此自动化,以至于即使大脑在忙别的事情时也能完成。”常识与科学证据都一致认为:重复本身就是一种改变。 每一次你重复一个行动,你都在激活与该习惯相关的特定神经回路。这意味着,仅仅把训练次数做出来,就是你为编码一个新习惯所能采取的最关键步骤之一。这也解释了为什么那些拍了大量照片的学生能提升技能,而那些只是空想完美照片的人却没有进步。一组参与主动练习,另一组停留在被动学习;一组在行动,另一组在运动。
When scientists analyzed the brains of taxi drivers in London, they found that the hippocampus—a region of the brain involved in spatial memory—was significantly larger in their subjects than in non–taxi drivers.
当科学家分析伦敦出租车司机的大脑时,他们发现:海马体——一个与空间记忆有关的大脑区域——在这些受试者身上明显比非出租车司机更大。
analyzed /ˈænəlaɪzd/
v. 分析(过去式/过去分词)
Ex: Scientists analyzed the data carefully.
例句翻译:科学家仔细分析了数据。
分析:analyze 强调用方法拆解研究对象并得出结论。
hippocampus /hɪˈpɑːkæmpəs/
n. 海马体
Ex: The hippocampus supports memory.
例句翻译:海马体支持记忆功能。
分析:大脑结构名词,常与记忆和学习相关。
spatial memory /ˈspeɪʃl ˈmeməri/
n. 空间记忆
Ex: Spatial memory helps you navigate a city.
例句翻译:空间记忆帮助你在城市中辨别方向。
分析:指记住位置、路线、空间关系的能力。
significantly /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/
adv. 显著地;明显地
Ex: The results were significantly different.
例句翻译:结果有显著差异。
分析:科研语境常用,强调差异不是微小波动。
Even more fascinating, the hippocampus decreased in size when a driver retired.
更有趣的是,当司机退休后,海马体的体积会变小。
fascinating /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/
adj. 迷人的;非常有趣的
Ex: It's a fascinating discovery.
例句翻译:这是一个非常有趣的发现。
分析:强调让人强烈好奇或被吸引。
decreased /dɪˈkriːst/
v. 减少(过去式/过去分词)
Ex: The number decreased over time.
例句翻译:数量随着时间减少。
分析:decrease in size 表示“体积变小”。
retired /rɪˈtaɪərd/
v. 退休(过去式)
Ex: He retired last year.
例句翻译:他去年退休了。
分析:指停止工作;这里意味着不再经常开车认路。
Like the muscles of the body responding to regular weight training, particular regions of the brain adapt as they are used and atrophy as they are abandoned.
就像身体的肌肉会因为规律的负重训练而变化一样,大脑的某些区域会在被使用时适应并增强,在被弃用时萎缩。
responding to /rɪˈspɑːndɪŋ tuː/
phr. 对……作出反应
Ex: The body responds to training.
例句翻译:身体会对训练作出反应。
分析:这里指肌肉会因训练刺激而改变。
adapt /əˈdæpt/
v. 适应
Ex: Your brain can adapt quickly.
例句翻译:你的大脑可以很快适应。
分析:强调随着使用频率变化而调整。
atrophy /ˈætrəfi/
v. 萎缩
Ex: Muscles atrophy without use.
例句翻译:肌肉不用就会萎缩。
分析:常用于医学/生理语境,指组织因缺乏使用而变弱变小。
abandoned /əˈbændənd/
v. 放弃;弃用(过去分词)
Ex: They abandoned the old method.
例句翻译:他们放弃了旧方法。
分析:这里指不再使用某种能力/回路。
Of course, the importance of repetition in establishing habits was recognized long before neuroscientists began poking around.
当然,重复在建立习惯中的重要性,早在神经科学家开始深入研究之前就已经被认识到了。
importance /ɪmˈpɔːrtns/
n. 重要性
Ex: They stressed the importance of sleep.
例句翻译:他们强调睡眠的重要性。
分析:importance of ... 表示“……的重要性”。
repetition /ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/
n. 重复
Ex: Repetition builds skill.
例句翻译:重复会建立技能。
分析:本段核心词:反复做同一件事。
establishing /ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ/
v. 建立(现在分词)
Ex: He is establishing a routine.
例句翻译:他正在建立一套作息。
分析:establish a habit 指“让习惯成型并稳定”。
poking around /ˈpoʊkɪŋ əˈraʊnd/
phr. 四处探究;到处研究
Ex: He was poking around in old files.
例句翻译:他在旧文件里到处翻找。
分析:口语表达,表示深入探索细节。
In 1860, the English philosopher George H. Lewes noted, "In learning to speak a new language, to play on a musical instrument, or to perform unaccustomed movements, great difficulty is felt, because the channels through which each sensation has to pass have not become established; but no sooner has frequent repetition cut a pathway, than this difficulty vanishes; the actions become so automatic that they can be performed while the mind is otherwise engaged."
1860 年,英国哲学家乔治·H·刘易斯写道:“在学习说一门新语言、演奏一种乐器,或完成不习惯的动作时,人会感到很大的困难,因为每一种感觉必须通过的通道尚未建立;但只要频繁重复开辟出一条路径,这种困难就会消失;动作会变得如此自动化,以至于即使大脑在忙别的事情时也能完成。”
unaccustomed /ˌʌnəˈkʌstəmd/
adj. 不习惯的;不熟悉的
Ex: Unaccustomed movements feel awkward.
例句翻译:不习惯的动作会让人觉得别扭。
分析:强调动作不是“老手动作”,因此难度更高。
channels /ˈtʃænlz/
n. 通道(复数)
Ex: Information travels through channels.
例句翻译:信息通过通道传递。
分析:这里是比喻:感觉和动作通过大脑“通路”传递。
vanishes /ˈvænɪʃɪz/
v. 消失(第三人称单数)
Ex: The pain vanishes quickly.
例句翻译:疼痛很快消失。
分析:强调困难会随着重复而逐渐消退。
engaged /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd/
adj. 忙于……的;投入的
Ex: She was engaged in a conversation.
例句翻译:她正忙着聊天。
分析:otherwise engaged 指“忙别的事”,突出自动化。
Both common sense and scientific evidence agree: repetition is a form of change.
常识与科学证据都一致认为:重复本身就是一种改变。
common sense /ˌkɑːmən ˈsens/
n. 常识
Ex: Common sense tells us practice helps.
例句翻译:常识告诉我们练习有用。
分析:指大多数人不经证明也能理解的道理。
evidence /ˈevɪdəns/
n. 证据
Ex: There is evidence for the claim.
例句翻译:这个观点有证据支持。
分析:科学语境中用于支撑结论的事实。
agree /əˈɡriː/
v. 一致认为;同意
Ex: Experts agree on the basics.
例句翻译:专家在基本点上达成一致。
分析:这里强调两种来源都指向同一结论。
a form of /ə fɔːrm əv/
phr. 一种形式
Ex: It's a form of practice.
例句翻译:这是一种练习形式。
分析:把 repetition 定义为 change 的一种表现。
Each time you repeat an action, you are activating a particular neural circuit associated with that habit.
每一次你重复一个行动,你都在激活与该习惯相关的特定神经回路。
activating /ˈæktɪveɪtɪŋ/
v. 激活(现在分词)
Ex: Practice activates the same pathway.
例句翻译:练习会激活同一条通路。
分析:强调让某个系统开始工作/运转。
neural circuit /ˈnʊrəl ˈsɜːrkɪt/
n. 神经回路
Ex: Neural circuits change with use.
例句翻译:神经回路会随着使用而改变。
分析:指神经元之间形成的功能性连接网络。
associated with /əˈsoʊsieɪtɪd wɪð/
phr. 与……相关
Ex: Sleep is associated with health.
例句翻译:睡眠与健康相关。
分析:表示关系/联结,而非必然因果。
This means that simply putting in your reps is one of the most critical steps you can take to encoding a new habit.
这意味着,仅仅把训练次数做出来,就是你为编码一个新习惯所能采取的最关键步骤之一。
simply /ˈsɪmpli/
adv. 仅仅;就是
Ex: Simply showing up matters.
例句翻译:仅仅出现就很重要。
分析:强调关键动作并不复杂。
reps /reps/
n. 次数;重复训练(复数)
Ex: Get your reps in every day.
例句翻译:每天把次数做出来。
分析:常用于健身,泛指重复练习次数。
critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/
adj. 至关重要的
Ex: Consistency is critical.
例句翻译:持续性至关重要。
分析:表达重要程度很高。
encoding /ɪnˈkoʊdɪŋ/
n./v. 编码;写入(记忆/系统)
Ex: The brain encodes repeated behaviors.
例句翻译:大脑会把重复行为写入系统。
分析:这里指把行为“写入”神经系统,使其更自动化。
It is why the students who took tons of photos improved their skills while those who merely theorized about perfect photos did not.
这也解释了为什么那些拍了大量照片的学生能提升技能,而那些只是空想完美照片的人却没有进步。
tons of /tʌnz əv/
phr. 大量
Ex: They made tons of mistakes.
例句翻译:他们犯了很多错误。
分析:口语表达,强调数量非常多。
improved /ɪmˈpruːvd/
v. 提升;改进(过去式)
Ex: He improved his writing.
例句翻译:他提升了写作。
分析:improve skills 指通过练习变得更熟练。
merely /ˈmɪrli/
adv. 仅仅;只是
Ex: It's merely a plan.
例句翻译:这只是个计划。
分析:比 just 更书面,突出“停留在”。
theorized /ˈθiːəraɪzd/
v. 理论化;空想(过去式)
Ex: They theorized without testing.
例句翻译:他们没有测试就空想。
分析:强调只在想法层面,不做验证与练习。
One group engaged in active practice, the other in passive learning.
一组参与主动练习,另一组停留在被动学习。
engaged in /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd ɪn/
phr. 从事;参与
Ex: She engaged in daily practice.
例句翻译:她每天参与练习。
分析:比 do 更正式,强调投入参与。
active /ˈæktɪv/
adj. 主动的
Ex: Active learning improves recall.
例句翻译:主动学习提升记忆。
分析:主动意味着亲自做、试、纠错。
passive /ˈpæsɪv/
adj. 被动的
Ex: Passive reading isn't enough.
例句翻译:被动阅读不够。
分析:被动意味着主要接收信息,缺少练习。
One in action, the other in motion.
一组在行动,另一组在运动。
action /ˈækʃn/
n. 行动
Ex: Action creates results.
例句翻译:行动带来结果。
分析:指真正产出结果的行为。
motion /ˈmoʊʃn/
n. (比喻)忙于准备
Ex: Motion can replace action.
例句翻译:忙于准备会替代行动。
分析:这里和 action 对比:看似忙碌但无结果。
the other /ði ˈʌðər/
phr. 另一个
Ex: One works, the other waits.
例句翻译:一个在做,另一个在等。
分析:用于对比两者。
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