📖 今天要学习的句子

How to Build Better Habits in 4 Simple Steps

In 1898, A psychologist named Edward Thorndike conducted an experiment that would lay the foundation for our understanding of how habits form and the rules that guide our behavior. Thorndike was interested in studying the behavior of animals, and he started by working with cats. He would place each cat inside a device known as a puzzle box. The box was designed so that the cat could escape through a door “ by some simple act, such as pulling at a loop of cord, pressing a lever, or stepping on a platform.” For example, one box contained a lever that, when pressed, would open a door on the side of the box. Once the door had been opened, the cat could dart out and run over to a bowl of food.

Most cats wanted to escape as soon as they were placed inside the box. They would poke their nose into the corners, stick their paws through openings, and claw at loose objects. After a few minutes of exploration, the cats would happen to press the magical lever, the door would open, and they would escape.

四步养成更优习惯

1898 年,心理学家爱德华・桑代克开展了一项实验,这项实验为我们理解习惯的形成机制,以及支配人类行为的规律奠定了基础。桑代克致力于研究动物的行为模式,他的研究从猫咪开始。

他将每只猫咪放入一个名为 “迷箱” 的实验装置中。这个箱子经过特殊设计,猫咪只需做出某个简单动作 —— 比如拉动绳圈、按压操纵杆,或是踩下踏板,就能从箱门逃出。比如其中一个迷箱里装有一根操纵杆,猫咪按下后,箱体侧面的门便会打开,门一开,猫咪就能猛地窜出去,奔向一旁的食碗。

几乎所有猫咪被放进箱子后,都想立刻逃出去。它们会用鼻子去探箱子的各个角落,把爪子伸进角落里,还会去抓挠箱内松动的物品。经过几分钟的摸索,猫咪总会无意间按到那根关键的操纵杆,箱门应声打开,它们也就成功逃脱了。
Day 15 Illustration
In 1898, A psychologist named Edward Thorndike conducted an experiment that would lay the foundation for our understanding of how habits form and the rules that guide our behavior.
1898年,一位名叫爱德华·桑代克的心理学家进行了一个实验,为我们理解习惯如何形成以及支配我们行为的规则奠定了基础。
Psychologist[saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst]
心理学家
Ex: The psychologist analyzed the behavior of his patients to understand their mental health.
心理学家分析了他病人的行为,以了解他们的心理健康。
“Psychologist”指研究人类行为和心理的专业人士,这里的心理学家是进行实验的主角。
Experiment[ɪkˈspɛrɪmənt]
实验
Ex: The scientist conducted an experiment to test the new theory.
科学家进行了一个实验来测试这个新理论。
“Experiment”指通过控制和观察来测试假设的过程,强调科学方法。
Lay the foundation[leɪ ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃən]
奠定基础
Ex: Her research laid the foundation for the development of new medical treatments.
她的研究为新医学治疗方法的发展奠定了基础。
“Lay the foundation”是建立某事物基础或起始的表达,强调开创性的作用。
Habits[ˈhæbɪts]
习惯
Ex: Good habits can lead to long-term success.
良好的习惯可以带来长期的成功。
“Habits”指经常性、自动化的行为模式,习惯在心理学中是研究的核心。
Rules[ruːlz]
规则
Ex: The teacher set the rules for the class at the beginning of the semester.
老师在学期开始时为课堂设定了规则。
“Rules”指用来规范行为的指令或标准,在这里它们决定了行为的模式。
Guide[ɡaɪd]
指导
Ex: Her advice served as a guide for my decision-making process.
她的建议为我的决策过程提供了指导。
“Guide”指引导或影响行动的因素,强调方向和方法。
Behavior[bɪˈheɪvjər]
行为
Ex: The dog’s behavior improved after proper training.
经过适当的训练,狗的行为得到了改善。
“Behavior”指个体在特定情境下的行动模式,习惯是行为的重要组成部分。
Thorndike was interested in studying the behavior of animals, and he started by working with cats.
桑代克对研究动物的行为感兴趣,他从研究猫开始。
Interested in[ˈɪntrəstɪd ɪn]
对……感兴趣
Ex: She is interested in learning new languages.
她对学习新语言感兴趣。
“Interested in”表示对某事物的兴趣,指桑代克对动物行为的兴趣。
Studying[ˈstʌdɪɪŋ]
研究
Ex: He spent years studying the habits of various animal species.
他花了多年时间研究各种动物物种的习性。
“Studying”指深入了解某一领域或事物,强调知识获取。
Behavior[bɪˈheɪvjər]
行为
Ex: Her behavior at school is exemplary.
她在学校的行为堪称模范。
“Behavior”指的是动物或人类的动作、反应等行为,在习惯形成中至关重要。
Working with[ˈwɜːrkɪŋ wɪð]
与……合作
Ex: He is working with a team to develop new technology.
他正在与一个团队合作开发新技术。
“Working with”指的是与某人或某物合作,合作对象在这里是猫。
Cats[kæts]
Ex: She loves cats and owns two.
她喜欢猫,养了两只。
“Cats”在这里是实验对象,体现了桑代克实验的动物选择。
He would place each cat inside a device known as a puzzle box.
他会把每只猫放进一个叫做谜题箱的装置里。
Place[pleɪs]
放置
Ex: Please place your books on the desk.
请把你的书放在桌子上。
“Place”表示把某物放在某个位置,这里指的是将猫放置到特定的位置。
Inside[ɪnˈsaɪd]
里面
Ex: There is a dog inside the house.
屋子里有一只狗。
“Inside”指某物的内部,强调猫被放置在装置的内部。
Device[dɪˈvaɪs]
装置
Ex: He invented a new device to help people stay fit.
他发明了一种新装置,帮助人们保持健康。
“Device”指的是一种机械或工具,强调实验用具。
Known as[noʊn æz]
被称为
Ex: The city is known as the capital of culture.
这座城市被称为文化之都。
“Known as”用于引入某个名称或称呼。
Puzzle box[ˈpʌzl bɒks]
谜题箱
Ex: The puzzle box was designed to challenge the cat’s problem-solving skills.
谜题箱被设计用来挑战猫的解决问题的能力。
“Puzzle box”指一种复杂的装置,猫需要解开谜题来获得奖励。
The box was designed so that the cat could escape through a door “ by some simple act, such as pulling at a loop of cord, pressing a lever, or stepping on a platform.”
这个箱子是设计成让猫可以通过门逃脱,“通过一些简单的动作,例如拉动一根绳圈、按压一个杠杆,或踩在一个平台上。”
Designed[dɪˈzaɪnd]
设计
Ex: The engineer designed a new kind of engine to make cars more fuel-efficient.
工程师设计了一种新型发动机,使汽车更省油。
“Designed”表示根据特定目的或功能而精心构建。这里指的是专为猫设计的箱子。
Escape[ɪsˈkeɪp]
逃脱
Ex: The prisoner tried to escape from the jail but was caught.
囚犯试图从监狱逃脱,但被抓住了。
“Escape”是指从某个地方或困境中脱身,突出了猫的逃脱行为。
Simple[ˈsɪmpl]
简单的
Ex: She gave a simple explanation of the problem.
她给出了问题的简单解释。
“Simple”指容易理解或执行的事物,强调猫的行为容易实现。
Act[ækt]
行为
Ex: Her act of kindness made a big impact on the community.
她的善举对社区产生了很大的影响。
“Act”指一个具体的行为或动作,强调猫所做的简单动作。
Loop[luːp]
Ex: He tied the rope into a loop and hung it on the hook.
他把绳子打成一个圈,挂在钩子上。
“Loop”指一种形状,通常是一个圆形或环形的结构,强调猫可能需要拉动的物体。
Lever[ˈliːvər]
杠杆
Ex: The mechanic used a lever to lift the heavy car.
机械师用杠杆把重车抬起来。
“Lever”是指一种简单的工具或机械装置,在这里用于开启门。
Platform[ˈplætfɔːrm]
平台
Ex: The platform was raised to help passengers board the train easily.
这个平台被抬高了,帮助乘客轻松上车。
“Platform”在这里指的是猫可能踩上的平面,作为一种触发机制。
For example, one box contained a lever that, when pressed, would open a door on the side of the box.
例如,一个箱子里面有一个杠杆,当按下时,会打开箱子一侧的门。
Contained[kənˈteɪnd]
包含
Ex: The box contained several books and some stationery.
箱子里包含了几本书和一些文具。
“Contained”表示某物被放在或包含在某个地方,指箱子内有一个杠杆。
Lever[ˈliːvər]
杠杆
Ex: The lever was used to open the trapdoor.
杠杆被用来打开陷阱门。
“Lever”是指用来操作其他物体的工具,这里被用来开启门。
Pressed[prɛst]
按下
Ex: She pressed the button to call the elevator.
她按下按钮叫电梯。
“Pressed”表示按压动作,强调通过按压杠杆来触发门的开启。
Open[ˈəʊpən]
打开
Ex: He opened the door to let the fresh air in.
他打开门让新鲜空气进来。
“Open”指的是让门或容器变得可进入,强调猫通过动作解锁了门。
Door[dɔːr]
Ex: She closed the door softly behind her.
她轻轻地关上了身后的门。
“Door”指的是一个可以打开或关闭的通道,猫通过门逃出。
Side[saɪd]
一侧
Ex: There was a crack on the side of the building.
大楼的一侧有一个裂缝。
“Side”指的是某物的某一面,强调门位于箱子的一侧。
Once the door had been opened, the cat could dart out and run over to a bowl of food.
一旦门被打开,猫就能迅速跑出去,跑到食物碗旁。
Once[wʌns]
一旦
Ex: Once you finish your homework, you can watch TV.
一旦你完成作业,就可以看电视。
“Once”表示一旦某事发生,其他事情随之发生,强调条件。
Dart out[dɑːt aʊt]
迅速跑出
Ex: The cat darted out the door as soon as it was opened.
门一开,猫就迅速跑了出去。
“Dart out”表示迅速冲出,形容猫快速逃脱。
Run over[rʌn ˈəʊvər]
跑到
Ex: He ran over to the table to grab his phone.
他跑到桌子旁拿手机。
“Run over”表示快速跑到某处,强调猫向食物碗跑去。
Bowl[boʊl]
Ex: She put some soup in a bowl.
她把一些汤倒进碗里。
“Bowl”指的是用来盛食物的容器,强调猫逃到食物的地方。
Food[fuːd]
食物
Ex: He was hungry, so he ate some food.
他饿了,于是吃了一些食物。
“Food”指猫逃跑后想要得到的奖励,强调食物吸引猫的注意力。
Most cats wanted to escape as soon as they were placed inside the box.
大多数猫一被放进箱子里就想逃脱。
Wanted[ˈwɒntɪd]
想要
Ex: She wanted to go on a vacation after the exams.
考试后她想去度假。
“Wanted”表示对某事物的渴望或需要,强调猫对逃脱的强烈欲望。
Escape[ɪˈskeɪp]
逃脱
Ex: He tried to escape from the room through the window.
他试图通过窗户逃离房间。
“Escape”指的是从某个困境或位置脱身,强调猫想要从箱子中逃脱。
Placed[pleɪst]
被放置
Ex: She placed the book on the table.
她把书放在了桌子上。
“Placed”指某物被放到特定位置,强调猫被放入箱子内。
Inside[ɪnˈsaɪd]
里面
Ex: There was a cat inside the box.
箱子里有只猫。
“Inside”指的是某物的内部,强调猫被放在箱子里。
Box[bɒks]
箱子
Ex: The books were packed into a box.
书被装进了箱子里。
“Box”指一个可以容纳物品的容器,这里是猫被放入的容器。
They would poke their nose into the corners, stick their paws through openings, and claw at loose objects.
它们会把鼻子伸进角落,把爪子伸进开口,抓住松动的物体。
Poke[poʊk]
Ex: He poked his finger through the hole in the wall.
他把手指伸进了墙上的洞里。
“Poke”表示用手指或物体轻轻地推入,形容猫用鼻子探查箱子内部。
Nose[noʊz]
鼻子
Ex: The dog sniffed the ground with its nose.
狗用鼻子嗅着地面。
“Nose”是猫用来嗅探周围环境的部位,强调它们对环境的好奇。
Stick[stɪk]
插入
Ex: He stuck the paper on the wall with tape.
他用胶带把纸贴在墙上。
“Stick”指把物体推入或固定,形容猫把爪子伸进箱子的开口。
Paws[pɔːz]
爪子
Ex: The cat licked its paws before taking a nap.
猫在打瞌睡前舔了舔爪子。
“Paws”指猫的爪子,强调它们的探索行为。
Through[θruː]
穿过
Ex: The cat crawled through the small hole.
猫从小洞爬过去。
“Through”指从一侧到另一侧,强调猫的爪子穿过箱子里的开口。
Openings[ˈoʊpənɪŋz]
开口
Ex: There are several openings in the fence.
围栏上有几个开口。
“Openings”指的是箱子上可以被猫穿过的缝隙或孔洞。
Claw[klɔː]
Ex: The cat clawed at the couch.
猫抓着沙发。
“Claw”指猫用爪子抓取物体,强调它们对周围物品的探索行为。
Loose[luːs]
松动的
Ex: The screws on the door were loose.
门上的螺丝松了。
“Loose”描述物体不紧固或松散,强调猫抓住了松动的物品。
Objects[ˈɒbdʒɪkts]
物体
Ex: The children played with toys and other objects.
孩子们玩着玩具和其他物品。
“Objects”指的是猫在探索时碰到的物品,强调它们抓取松动的物体。
After a few minutes of exploration, the cats would happen to press the magical lever, the door would open, and they would escape.
经过几分钟的探索,猫会碰巧按下魔法杠杆,门会打开,它们就能逃脱。
Minutes[ˈmɪnɪts]
分钟
Ex: It will take just a few minutes to finish the task.
完成任务只需要几分钟。
“Minutes”表示时间单位,强调猫在短时间内的探索。
Exploration[ˌɛksplɔːˈreɪʃən]
探索
Ex: The scientist’s exploration of space has led to many discoveries.
这位科学家对太空的探索带来了许多发现。
“Exploration”强调对未知事物的探索,描述猫如何在箱子里进行探索。
Happen to[ˈhæpən tuː]
碰巧
Ex: I happened to meet an old friend on the street.
我碰巧在街上遇到了一位老朋友。
“Happen to”表示偶然发生,强调猫偶然按下杠杆的行为。
Press[prɛs]
按下
Ex: He pressed the button to start the machine.
他按下按钮启动机器。
“Press”表示用力按压,强调猫按下杠杆。
Magical[ˈmædʒɪkəl]
魔法般的
Ex: The magician performed a magical trick.
魔术师表演了一个魔法戏法。
“Magical”形容杠杆的神奇功能,猫按下杠杆后门打开。
Lever[ˈliːvər]
杠杆
Ex: He used a lever to lift the heavy box.
他用杠杆抬起了重箱子。
“Lever”指猫用来触发门开启的装置。
Open[ˈəʊpən]
打开
Ex: He opened the window to let in some fresh air.
他打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
“Open”指开启门或容器,强调猫通过杠杆解锁门。
Escape[ɪsˈkeɪp]
逃脱
Ex: The prisoner tried to escape from the cell.
囚犯试图从牢房逃脱。
“Escape”是指从困境中脱身,猫逃出箱子。
🚀 进阶学习部分(学有余力的同学可以学习)

1. Systems Over Goals

The sources argue that human behavior is largely a response to the systems we find ourselves in. Therefore, instead of focusing on changing your goals, you should focus on changing your system. As stated in the sources, "we do not rise to the level of our goals; we fall to the level of our systems".

2. Restructuring Environments

To facilitate behavior change, you must restructure your environment. This involves:

  • Physical Environment: Changing tangible things, such as the items on your work desk or kitchen counter.
  • Social Environment: Modifying your social circle and the habits that are considered "normal" within your particular "tribe" or group.

3. Breaking Down Ambitions

The sources suggest that you can keep your "lofty ambitions and goals," but you must break them down into something that is easy to do. This directly supports our earlier discussion of the "2-minute rule," which focuses on making the start of a habit as low-friction as possible.

4. Personalized Strategy

The sources emphasize that there is no one-size-fits-all approach; you must select a strategy that fits well with your particular makeup.

Summary Insight:
In line with our previous look at Atomic Habits, these points confirm that lasting progress comes from the bottom up. By focusing on the inputs (the environment and easy actions) rather than the outputs (goals), you create a system that sustains your progress even when your willpower is low.

1. 系统胜过目标 (Systems Over Goals)

视频提出了一个核心论点:人类的行为在很大程度上是对所处系统的反应。

  • 核心金句:我们不会上升到目标的高度,而是下降到系统的水平(We do not rise to the level of our goals; we fall to the level of our systems)。
  • 改变路径:与其改变目标,不如重构你所处的系统或环境。

2. 重构物理与社交环境 (Restructuring Environments)

为了让系统更好地运作,你需要有意识地调整周围的影响因素:

  • 物理环境:调整工作台或厨房柜台等物理空间,使好习惯更容易发生。
  • 社交环境:关注你周围的人以及你所属“部落”的习惯,因为社交群体的规范会直接影响你的个人行为。

3. 将宏大目标拆解为简易行动 (Breaking Down Ambitions)

视频建议保留“远大的抱负和目标”,但必须将其拆解为易于执行的操作

  • 这与我们之前讨论过的 “2 分钟规则” 高度契合——通过降低起始门槛,确保系统在日常生活中能够持续运转。

4. 个性化策略匹配 (Individual Makeup)

视频强调,在选择策略时,应当选择最符合你个人特质和构成的方法。这意味着习惯养成并非千篇一律,而需要根据每个人的不同情况进行定制化调整。

综合洞察:
结合之前的对话,我们可以看到一个完整的行为改变逻辑:目标只负责指引方向,而系统(由环境、社交圈和微小的日常行动组成)才是决定你最终能否成功的关键。正如视频所言,通过重构环境和优化系统,你可以确保自己在意志力薄弱时,依然能维持在系统所能提供的最低保障水平之上。